Reference Section - Physics

• Density: 1.20 kg m ^-3
• Specific heat capacity: 1.00 x 10³ J kg ^-1 K ^-1
• Speed of sound: 343 m s ^-1

• Density: 1.00 x 10³ kg m ^-3
• Ice: 0.917 x 10³
• Specific heat capacity: 4.18 x 10³ K kg ^-1 K ^-1
• Speed of sound: 1.26 x 10³ m s ^-1
• Viscosity: 10^-3 nu / Pa s
• Refractive index: H C 1.331, Na D 1.333, H F 1.31
• Surface tension water to air: 7.3 x 10 ^-2 N m ^-1
• Specific latent heat: 333.5 kJ kg ^-1 K ^-1

• Mean Density: 5.49 x 10³ kg m ^-3
• Mean radius: 6.37 x 10⁶ m
• Mass: 5.97 x 10²⁴ kg
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level: 1.01 x 10⁵ Pa
• Thermal conductivity: air at 0 ^oC: 2.4 x 10² W m ^-1 K ^-1; water at 0 ^oC = 0.6 W m ^-1 K ^-1
• Mean earth - moon distance: 3.84 x 10⁸ m

Physical constants:

• Gravitational acceleration, g: 9.81 m / s², on moon = 1.67 m / s²
• Gravitational constant, G: 6.67 x 10 ^-11 N m² kg ^-2
• Electron mass: 9.11 x 10 ^-31 kg
• Proton mass: 1.673 x 10 ^-27 kg
• Neutron mass: 1.675 x 10 ^-27 kg
• Speed of light, c: 3.00 x 10⁸ m / s
• Universal gas constant: 8.31 J mol ^-1 K ^-1
• Boltzmann's constant: 1.38 x 10 ^-23 J / K
• Stefan-Boltzmann constant: 5.670 x 10 ^-8W m^-2 K ^-4
• Avogadro's constant: 6.02 x 10²³ mol ^-1
• Molar volume at stp: 2.241 x 10 ^-2 m³ mol ^-1
• Gas constant = 8.314 J K ^-1 mol ^-1
• Faraday constant: 9.649 x 10⁴ mol ^-1
• Impedance of empty space, Z_o = 376.7 ohms
• Speed of light, c: 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s
• Wien's radiation law: lambda_max T = 2.898 x 10 ^-3 m K; v_max / T = 5.879 x 10¹⁰ s ^-1 K ^-1
• Rydberg's constant, R_inf = 1.0974 x 10⁷ m ^-1
• Electron or proton charge, ± e: ± 1.602 x 10 ^-19 C
• Specific electron charge, -e / m: = -1.759 x 10¹¹ C kg ^-1
• Planck's constant, h = 6.626 x 10 ^-34 J s; h (slash) = h / 2pi = 1.0546 x 10 ^-34 J s
• Fraunhofer lines wavelengths: Na D (yellow) 589.6 nm; 589.0 nm; H C (red) 656.3 nm; H F (blue-green) 486.1 nm
• Permittivity constant, e_o: 8.854 x 10 ^-12 F / m, or 1 / (4pi e_o) = 8.99 x 10⁹ N m² C ^-2
• Elementary charge, e: 1.60 x 10 ^-19 C
• Permeability constant, µ_o: 4pi x 10 ^-7 T m A ^-1, or 1.2566 x 10 ^-6 N / A²
• Electron volt, eV: 1.60 x 10 ^-19 J
• Unified atomic mass unit, u: 1.66 x 10 ^-27 kg

• 1 in. = 2.54 cm
• 1 m = 39.37 in = 3.281 ft
• 1 ft = 0.3048 m
• 12 in = 1 ft
• 3 ft = 1 yd
• 1 yd = 0.9144 m
• 1 km = 0.621 mi
• 1 mi = 1.6093 km
• 1 mi = 5280 ft
• 1 Angstrom = 10 ^-10 m = 0.1 nm
• 1 µm = 10 ^-6 m = 10 ⁴ Angstroms
• 1 lightyear = 9.461 x 10¹⁵ m
• 1 nautical mile = 1.852 km

• 1 m² = 10⁴ cm = 10.76 ft²
• 1 hectare = 10⁴ m²
• 1 acre = 0.4047 ha
• 1 ft² = 0.0929 m² = 1.44 in²
• 1 in² = 6.452 cm²
• 1 m² = 1000 x 1000 mm = 10⁶ mm²

• 1 m³ = 10⁶ cm³ = 6.102 x 10⁴ in³ = 264.2 gal
• 1 ft³ = 1728 in³ = 2.83 x 10 ^-2 m³
• 1 lt = 1000 cm³ = 1.0576 qt = 0.0353 ft³
• 1 ft³ = 7.481 gal = 28.32 lt = 2.832 x 10 ^-2 m³
• 1 lt = 1 dm³ = 1 m ^-3
• 1 gal (US) = 3.786 lt = 231 in³
• 1 gal (UK) = 4.546 lt
• 1 pt = 0.568 lt

• 1 m³ / s = 2119 ft³ / min = 15860 gal / min

• 1 bar = 10⁵ N / m² = 10⁵ Pa = 14.50 lb / in²
• 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg = 101.33 kPa
• 1 atm = 14.7 lb / in² = 1.013 x 10⁵ N / m²
• 1 Pa = 1 N / m² = 1.45 x 10 ^-4 lb / in²
• 1 kPa = 0.14504 ft lb / in² = 4.015 in H₂O = 10 ^-2 bar = 7.501 mmHg
• 1 torr (mmHg) = 133.3 Pa
• 1 ft lb / in² (p.s.i.) = 6.895 kPa
• 1 tonf ft ^-2 = 107.3 kPa

• 1000 kg = 1 metric tonne (t)
• 1 slug = 14.59 kg
• 1 u = 1.66 x 10 ^-27 kg
• 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
• 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.4 lb
• 1 oz = 28.35 g
• 1 ton = 1.016 t

• 1 g / cm = 62.43 lb / ft³ = 10³ kg / m³
• 1 kg / m³
• 1 lb ft ^-3 = 16.02 kg m ^-3

• 0 K = -273.71 ^oC
• 0 ^oC = 273.71 K = 32 ^oF
• 1 ^oC = 1.8 ^oF = 1 K
• 1.8 K = 1 ^oR

• ^oF = (1.8 x ^oC) + 32
• ^oC = (^oF - 32) / 1.8
• K = ^oC + 273

• 1 N = 10⁵ dyne = 0.22481 ft lb
• 1 ft lb = 4.448 N
• 1 pdl = 0.1383 N
• 1 dyne = 10 ^-5 N = 2.248 x 10 ^-6 ft lb
• 1 tonf = 9.964 N

• 1 mi / h (m.p.h.) = 1.47 ft / s = 0.447 m / s = 1.61 km / h
• 1 km / h = 0.2778 m / s
• 1 knot (UK) = 0.5148 m / s
• 1 m / s = 100 cm /s = 3.281 ft / s = 2.237 mi / h
• 1 mi / min = 60 mi / h = 88 ft / s
• 1 rev / min (r.p.m.) = 0.1047 rad s ^-1

• 1 m / s² = 100 cm / s² = 3.2808 ft / s²
• 1 ft / s² = 0.3048 m / s² = 30.48 cm / s²

• 1 yr = 365 days = 3.16 x 10⁷ s
• 1 day = 24 hr = 1.44 x 10³ min = 86400 s

• 1 J = 0.738 ft lb = 10⁷ erg
• 1 cal = 4.186 J
• 1 Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 x 10³ J
• 1 eV = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 J
• 1 u = 931.5 MeV
• 1 kWh = 3.60 x 10⁶ J

• 1 kJ / kg = 0.4299 Btu / lb

• 1 kJ / kg K = 0.2388 Btu / (lb ^oR)

Power:

• 1 hp = 550 ft lb / s = 0.746 kW = 746 W
• 1 W = 1 J / s = 0.738 ft lb / s
• 1 Btu / h = 0.293 W
• 1 kW = 1.3410 hp = 3414 Btu / h = 737.6 ft lb / s